Definition and Examples of Organization in Composition

In composition  and speech, the organization is the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph,  essay, or speech.  It is also known as the elements  arrangement  or  dispositio,  as in  classical rhetoric.  It was defined by  Aristotle in Metaphysics  as  the order of that which has parts, either according to place or  potentia  or form. As Diana Hacker wrote in Rules for Writers, Although paragraphs (and indeed whole essays) may be patterned in any number of ways, certain patterns of organization occur frequently, either alone or in combination: examples and illustrations, narration, description, process, comparison and contrast, analogy, cause and effect, classification and division, and definition. There is nothing particularly magical about these patterns (sometimes called methods of development). They simply reflect some of the ways in which we think.  (Diana Hacker, with Nancy I. Sommers, Thomas Robert Jehn, and Jane Rosenzweig, Rules for Writers with 2009 MLA and 2010 APA Updates, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009) Choosing a Format Basically, the goal is to choose an organizational method  that enables your report, essay, presentation, or article to clearly convey your information and message to your audience. Your topic and message will dictate that. Are you trying to persuade, report findings, describe something, compare and contrast two things, instruct, or tell someones story? Figure out the thesis statement or message you want to get across—boil it down in one sentence if you can—and  what you aim to do will help you to choose your essays structure. If youre writing instructional text, youll want to go in chronological order. If youre reporting findings of an experiment or your conclusions after analyzing a text, youll start with your thesis statement and then support your ideas with evidence, explaining how you came to your conclusion. If youre telling someones story, you may have a chronological organization for much of the piece, but not necessarily right at the introduction. If youre writing a news story for a publication, you may need to work in reverse-pyramid style, which puts the most immediate information up top, giving people the gist of the story even if they read only one or two paragraphs. Theyll get more detail the further into the story they read. Outlines Even if you just sketch a rough outline on scratch paper with a topic list and arrows, making it will help the drafting of the paper go more smoothly. Putting a plan in place can also save you time later because youll be able to rearrange things even before you start writing. Having an outline doesnt mean things wont change as you go, but just having one can help ground you and give you a place to start. Dwight Macdonald wrote in The New York Times, [T]he  great basic principle of organization:  put everything on the same subject in the same place. I remember when an editor, Ralph Ingersoll I think, casually explained this trick of the trade to me, that my first reaction was obviously,  my second but why didnt it ever occur to me? and my third that it was one of those profound banalities everybody knows after theyve been told. (Rreview of Luce and His Empire,  in The New York Times Book Review, 1972. Rpt. in Discriminations: Essays and Afterthoughts, 1938–1974, by Dwight Macdonald. Viking Press, 1974) Introductions and Body Text Whatever you write, youll need a strong introduction. If your readers dont find something to hook their interest  in the first paragraph, all your research and effort into making your report wont achieve their goal of informing or persuading an audience. After the intro, then you get into the meat of your information. You wont necessarily write your intro first, even though your reader will see it first. Sometimes you need to start in the middle, just so youre not overwhelmed with a blank page for long. Start with the basics, the background, or boiling down your research—just to get going—and come back to writing the intro at the end. Writing the background often gives you an idea of how you want to do the intro, so you dont need to fret over it. Just get the words moving. Organizing Paragraphs  Structure Dont get too hung up on a particular formula for each paragraph, though. Stephen Wilbers wrote, Paragraphs range from tightly structured to loosely structured. Any scheme will do as long as the paragraph seems to hold together. Many paragraphs begin with a topic sentence or generalization, followed by a clarifying or limiting statement and one or more sentences of explanation or development. Some conclude with a resolution statement. Others delay the topic sentence until the end. Others have no topic sentence at all. Each paragraph should be designed to achieve its particular purpose. (Keys to Great Writing, Writers Digest Books, 2000) Conclusions Some pieces that you write may need a wrap-up type of conclusion—especially if youre out to persuade or present findings—where you give a quick summary of the high points of what youve just presented in detail. Shorter papers may not necessarily need this type of conclusion, as it will feel overly repetitive or belabored to the reader. Instead of a straight-out summary, you can come at it a bit differently  and discuss the significance of your topic, set up a sequel (talk about its potential in the future), or bring back the scene from the beginning with a little added twist, knowing what you know now, with the information presented in the article. Speeches Writing a speech or presentation is similar to writing a paper, but you may need a bit more bounce back to your main points—depending on the length of your presentation and the detail you plan to cover—to make sure that the crux of your information is solidified in the audience members mind. Speeches and presentations likely do need highlights in a summary conclusion, but none of the repetition need be long—just enough to make the message memorable.

Group Work Example

Essays on Group Work Coursework Group work Group May 21, Group work Deviance involves contrary behaviors of attitudes to social norms. Positive deviance, whilecontrary to norms, has beneficial effects. Altruism is an example of positive deviance and illustrates Self-Control theory. It defines the belief or action that is selfless to the actor and aims at benefiting another person. Even though social norms expect loyalty among people, this is achieved after considering individual’s fundamental interest. A party that is loyal to another considers interest of the other party and tries to correct selfless initiative for mutual benefits. Under altruism, however, a person deviates from this norm and risks personal interest in order to benefit another. A risky rescue mission illustrates this and is positive because despite the involved risk, the result is preserved life. Cooperation is another example of positive deviance and is contrary to the norm of participation. Under participation, every party is expected to execute individual responsibility that can then be accumulated to group responsibility. Cooperation, especially understood in the concept of helping people or responding to people’s requests, explains a deviation from the expected individual responsibility in group-work to a team work set up. A cooperative person may therefore sacrifice and assume additional responsibilities for overall success of a group (Spencer, 2014).Only instantaneous and progressive cultural, economic, and political issues should be taken into consideration because positive deviance operates against norms. Some past or existing cultural, economic, and social issues may therefore be contrary to a positive deviance. Poverty, as an economic need, and political crisis are examples of the issues that can be considered into positive deviance. ReferenceSpencer, J. (2014). Contexts of deviance: Statuses, institutions, and interactions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Biology in Everyday Life Free Essays

Biology Ariticle Summary #2 How Darwin won the evolution race Stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew or to differentiate into a range of somatic cell types. Adult stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells are found in specialized niches within the body and have been studied for decades. Much of our knowledge about these cells is based on in vitro experiments but the effects of moving them from their in vivo niche to culture conditions are unclear. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology in Everyday Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now This Perspective from Penney Gilbert and colleagues from the USA and Sweden focuses on adult stem cells found in skeletal muscle, also known as satellite cells. They address the problem that, once extracted from muscle and placed into culture, satellite cells quickly lose their ability to self-renew, complicating studies into their biology. The development of new bioengineering approaches, such as hydrogel microwell arrays, could solve this problem. These approaches can accurately monitor the behavior of satellite cells and provide robust data sets, thanks to the number of different tests that can be carried out in parallel. To illustrate the usefulness of such tools, the authors show how stem cell division and self-renewal can be tracked in clonal assays using time-lapse microscopy. By increasing the stiffness of the hydrogel microwells in the assays, satellite cells can be maintained in culture for up to one week and successfully engraft back into mouse muscle. Stem cells hold the potential to become part of powerful medical treatments and therapies, but only if we understand how we are changing them by removing them from their niche. This Perspective pushes this issue to the fore and offers some suggestions as to how we can further improve stem cell culture http://the-scientist. com/2012/04/01/are-cancer-stem-cells-ready-for-prime-time/ How to cite Biology in Everyday Life, Essay examples

Cultural Safety In Nursing And Healthcare - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Safety In Nursing And Healthcare. Answer: Introduction In this chapter of the report, scholarly articles of various authors are reviewed in order to get the idea of cultural safety in nursing and healthcare. In literature review section, current knowledge of cultural safety in healthcare including substantive findings is delineated. Saudi Arabia has been becoming ethnically diverse and the people are witnessing cultural blending in Saudi Arabia as employees come from various backgrounds and countries in Saudi Arabia. In this chapter of the study, concepts of cultural safety in nursing and principles of nursing practices are discussed from theoretical perspective. Theories related to the cultural safety in nursing and healthcare are explained. At the end of the argumentative discussion, gap in literature is given identifying literature gap in the study. Discussion in this section is given from secondary sources from various original and new experimental works. Research strategy In this literature review section, secondary data have been used in order to present the theoretical understanding of the concept. The researcher has searched over internet and university library in order to get the related journals, articles and books of the topic. The search terms of this research topic those the researcher used were cultural safety, service quality, patient safety and nursing principles. The researcher mainly used the database like Google Scholar in order to search the articles and journals to get the idea. In addition, the researcher also used the databases like CINAHL Plus, ERIC, MEDLINE and Nursing References Centre in order to access the premium online journals. The parameters mainly used in searching the data were credible sources and most of the journals were taken from reputed publishing houses. Data have been collected from books, journals, websites, online articles and knowledge forum of Nursing. Specific Arab based data have not been collected due to ina dequate data on nursing. The researcher has used 6 books and 24 journal articles in order to access them. The exclusion criterion of the data search was that the researcher used the journals and books which have been published only after 2013. Therefore, the sources that have been used in this study are not older than 5 years. Therefore, the researcher has used credible and recent sources of information. Review of the concepts of quality and cultural Safety in nursing As opined by Wepa (2015), cultural safety is effective nursing practice of an individual or family from another culture which is determined by that individual or family. The concept of cultural safety has come from nursing education and nursing culture ranges from age or generation to sexual orientation and gender. The concept of nursing education and principles are associated with religious beliefs, occupation and disabilities. As argued by McCall and Lauridsen (2014), unsafe cultural practice can be defined through the actions that demean identification of the culture. In this relation, cultural principles are related to aim to develop the status, improve the service of health, differences among various people and understand the unique power of nursing and health services. Cultural safety concept devised from the leadership of nursing in the year 1989 and this concept first came in New Zealand by Maori nursing students. In the previous time, nursing schools were mono-cultural in Ne w Zealand and Australia. Furthermore, in Australia, cultural safety concept in nursing was developed in social work and in education. In workplace, cultural safety is met when nurses do the actions related to respect, recognise, nurture and cultural identification of various people. Safety of the people has to meet with the needs, rights and expectations of the service users in healthcare. As further added by Richardson et al. (2017), cultures in health are included spiritual beliefs, ethnic group, migrant experiences and socio-economic condition of the people. The nurses and midwife deliver the health services and these services can reflect upon their cultural identity, it can recognise the impact of personal culture on professional service and practices. Unsafe cultural practice in healthcare is related to actions of disempowering and diminishing the cultural identity and safety of the individuals. The following themes emerged as a result of in-depth study on the subject matter and analysis of various authentic and scholarly resources like peer reviewed research papers, journals, articles and scientific studies. Important aspects of the subject have been recognised in the above method and distinctive themes emerged in the process. Some themes have sections and sub sections which have been clarified lucidly in the following paragraphs. Theme 1- Principles of cultural safety in nursing for patients Principle one: to improve well-being and health status of the individuals Cultural safety in nursing applies in making the relationship through focusing on health of the individuals to gain positive outcome and well-being. Nurses need to acknowledge the practices and beliefs that differ from them. The beliefs of the service users may differ in terms of generation, occupation and ethnic origin, however; healthcare professionals need to serve them to improve health status of the individuals (Wepa 2015). In case of Saudi Arabia, culture is conservative and deeply religious and the nurses behave maintaining the prohibition in the society (Muller et al. 2015). Principle two: to develop the delivery of nursing and health services The delivery of health services can be made culturally safe when nurses can make a healthy relationship with service users. The nurses accept the personal analysis of power relations and they try to empower the service users. Nurses feel free to express their measurement of risks of service users and focus on serious and intrusive intervention. Healthcare providers need to understand the own cultural identity and reality. Nurses apply the concept of social science to underpin health services (Hall et al. 2014). Nurses provide service with diverse needs and the services must be safe. Principle three: make differences among the individuals who are getting treatment and accept the differences Culturally safe in healthcare is a broad concept to recognise the dissimilarities within healthcare centres, employment, education and social interactions that can solidify the microcosm of differences. The nurses need to understand cause and effect relationship with the service users and their views on politics, social, housing, employment status, psychological conditions and personal experiences (McCall and Lauridsen 2014). Nurses principle supports the idea of accepting the legitimacy of diversity and differences in social structure. Healthcare professionals need to concern in improving the quality of service to service providers. Principle four: to understand the power of healthcare on persons and their families Cultural safety has its focus on health care providers own culture, attitude and life experiences. Healthcare providers need to focus on their own practices to make a balance of power relationship so that each of the service users may receive effective service (Alonso et al. 2015). Nurses need to prepare themselves in order to resolve the tension between health care centres and culture of the nurses. Theme 2- Models of patients safety and quality care in nursing and methods of nursing care Donabedian model This is a conceptual model to provide a framework to investigate about health services and examine the quality of healthcare services. This concept of nursing and healthcare was established by Avedis Donabedian and he developed this model in the year 1966. According to Qu et al. (2014), Donabedian model speaks about the quality of care and it can be categorised into three categories, process, structure and outcomes. The structure explains about the context through which care is delivered and it is related to the staff, hospital building, equipment and finance. These factors in healthcare control of patients, providers in the healthcare system. These factors also measure the quality of healthcare. Process refers to the transaction between providers and transaction throughout the delivery of healthcare process. The process can be meant the sum of each action in health care and these factors are related to the preventive care, patient education, diagnoses and treatment facility. Process in healthcare can be further differentiated to deliver the better care to the service users in order to increase interpersonal bonding (Qu et al. 2014). Lastly, outcomes in this model describe about the impact of healthcare in the health status of the individuals. Outcomes generally are the effects of healthcare on changes of a health condition, population and behaviour of the staffs. Outcomes indicate the improving condition of the health status of the service providers. Methods of nursing care Nursing care concept needs to be carried through a variety of organisational method. Team nursing concept was originated in the between the 1950s and 1960s. Team nursing concept involves using a team leader and other team members in order to provide various approaches to nursing care for a group of patients. Team nursing concept is facilitated through the division of work where a medication to the patients can be given by one nurse, while other nurses will provide physical help to the patients (Kelly et al. 2016). In healthcare, team nursing concept will provide help to mix the skills including qualified nurses and experienced nurses. The quality of patient care in this nursing system is questionable as the care is fragmented into the team. The primary nursing concept is associated with individualised, comprehensive and in this method; one nurse provides care throughout the period of care for an individual. As opined by Pauly et al. (2015), primary nursing practice emphasises mainly on continuity of care and one nurse completes the whole care for a patient. Therefore, the cultural awareness of the nurse needs to be well-developed as the nurse need to remain with the patient for all time. The nursing service in this method categorised in a way to meet the patients individualised care. Primary nurse communicates with the family members regarding service users health. In Progressive Patient Care (PPC) system of the method, service users are placed in the units based on their needs and medical speciality is given through degree of illness. According to Cherry and Jacob (2016), PPC is a systematic grouping of patients on the basis of the degree of illness rather than by classification. Elements of PPC are related to the intensive care units, self-care units and intermediate care units. In this nursing system, the nurses need to know about the culture of the patients and hospital facilities need to be strong. Theme 3- Activities that promote safety in nursing The user-centred approach can increase the visibility, constraint and affordance of functions in a healthcare home. Visibility can be increased by following all the factors and norms in the healthcare. As stated by Wager et al. (2017), affordance is related to the activity of the nurses. In addition, nurses need to avoid the reliance on memory in workplace functions. Nurses can simplify the process and standardise the workplace process. Nurses need to decrease the process to use the memory in problem-solving process in the workplace (Banks and Kelly 2015). Establishing the norm to follow the code of ethics in nursing will eventually help to simplify the process of working. Moreover, nurses attend the work-safety training and they have ideas about work-loads, work-hours, distraction and interruption in safety. Interruption process can lead to medication administration error in order to indicate the safe zones in healthcare home. Nurses need to prepare knowledge on patient safety and they should avoid reliance on vigilance. Doctors keep the vigilance on patients' safety with checklists, well-designed alarms, adequate breaks and rotating staffs. In the health care homes, management uses alarms in order to alert the nurses in potential emergency and nurses can get benefits in scheduling in the overall process. Nurses are given training for the team collaboration and this training is given on interpersonal communication (Holland 2017). This type of training increases effective communication among the nurse. It allows the service users to have better service from various ethnic group nurses. This training also provides knowledge about cultural safety and it essentially provides information about involving patients in their own care. Nurses have to take the decisions from the family members of the patients and nurses offer educational information of the diseases of the patients to their family. Theme 4- Roles of nurses in promoting cultural safety According to Ramsden (2013), nurses need to understand about service users' culture and various cultural identities can lead to effective health care strategies. The management of healthcare needs to create a non-biased culturally safe place that can demean the healthcare safety of the service users. In a healthcare setting, poor cultural safety is related to the poor patient concordance, mistrust and miscommunication (Chartier 2014). Nurses spend more time with service users and there is a thin line between suboptimal outcome and patient experience. There is no difference between patient safety and clinical quality. The nurses provide care to the patients in a safe and effective way that do not differentiate through culture and religion. Key drivers of loyalty towards work is the team working, listen to the issues and cleanliness in hospitals. If the healthcare professionals work as a team, the service users feel safe (Papps and Ramsden 2016). On the other side, cultural safety heal thcare organisations need sustained leadership that can facilitate the nurses' commitment towards the workplace. Leaders in healthcare should demonstrate accessibility and visibility of patient safety. Leaders must be observant and leaders can ask open-minded questions to create transparency and openness. There is a need to create a purposeful connection between patient safety and relationship of patient-nurse (Ding 2014). In addition, some of the critics opined that safety in healthcare is related to the safety of both patients and healthcare professionals. Patients and nurses need to interact frequently and their behaviours can show a bond. A cultural shift in nursing is one such crucial thing identifies the importance of mutual respect between nurses and service users and they must be inclusive, holistic, culturally sensitive and non-judgemental in order to show their affection towards each other (Holland 2017). Nurses must have not any preconceived notion regarding service-users religion, faith and creed and orthodox thinking frame eventually leads the situation to worsen. Nurses with this kind of thinking capability have a number of cultural difficulties and it provides a graphic illustration to identify discriminatory behaviour. Theme 5- Safety culture and organisational change management in healthcare Safety in healthcare is a process related attribute and safety are different from quality in healthcare. Safety is not perceived as a process of aggregated value. Safety in the healthcare is manifested as a non-event and the management tries to stop unwanted events. Safety improvement requires preventive management approach and proactive management approach to act before the fact occurs. As opined by Polaschek (2015), safety is a shared value within the healthcare organisation. In addition, culture is another unspoken language in order to respond to secret complex code within a healthcare. Values are surrounded by symbols, rituals and practices within healthcare homes. Symbols are associated with visible that are associated with the external observer. Rituals are related to the cultural meaning and they are being understood only by those who belong to the culture. Values in a healthcare are unconscious and not directly perceived from outside and it can only be deduced to the way peop le act in certain circumstances. Organisational culture is associated with shared values and common beliefs; these interact with the structure of healthcare and control system in order to produce behavioural norms. Organisational culture is dynamical, continuously, socially constructed by the people who constitute a healthcare centre. According to Williams (2016), organisational culture is characteristic that is manifested by the individuals behaviours and attitudes. Holistic management approach in a healthcare home is related to human factors, technical factors and organisational factors. Human factors are associated with knowledge, skills, motivation, attitude and behaviour. In addition, technical factors are associated with ITC systems, equipment, components, quality assurance and maintenance. Organisational factors are associated with infrastructure, strategy, resources, processes and procedures. Safety culture enhancement can imply organisational change and safety culture is a mixed method to create an intangib le complex social concept (Memish 2014). Safety culture is a tangible factor to remove the hazardous issue. External and internal drivers can impact on organisational performance improvement. Organisational performance is related to the management, economics, quality, safety, health, environment and social responsibility. The change in a health care can be brought from present state to the desired state through managing the change process and through strategic vision (Pauly et al. 2015). There are several other factors that are associated with leadership, decisions and attitudes, management system, type of intervention and organisational culture. Theme 6- Challenges in cultural safety in healthcare Nurses in health care homes face the challenge in terminology confusion and they do not have a basic concept how culture relates to a cultural safety issue. Terminology issue is vital in a healthcare home as nurses need to communicate with the service providers with accurate terms. In addition, nurses can face lack of support from the management and educators to improve the knowledge base, pedagogical approach and teaching skills. As stated by Arieli et al. (2014), the word culture' is unclear to the learners of nurses and they thought that the culture is limited to the race and ethnicity. Culture safety concept is beyond the understanding and ethnic-specific knowledge is related to the position of power, cultural customs and nurses can apply the knowledge in the workplace also. Carayon et al. (2014) supported this idea by saying sometimes leaders in a healthcare do not support the nurses by cultural safety education. Each of the leaders and educators has their own set of interpretation in culture safety framework. Lack of support and lack of education of nurses for cultural knowledge can lead to cultural inequalities. Leaders and educators feel unprepared when they teach about sensitive topics to the nurses like racism, marginalisation. Cultural safety has two distinct perspectives, paradigm shift and continuum. Continuum is about cultural safety as the outcome of being culturally competent. On the other side, a paradigm shift is about transferring the power in the nurse-patient relationship. Transferring the power can foster the self-determination and it supports the patient participation (Williams 2016). Theme 7- Measuring service quality in healthcare People can get satisfied with physiological contentment; however, there is more demand for satisfaction. In recent time, in the healthcare sector, dramatic changes have come into technological, economical, liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation policies and electronic data interchange facilities and they motivate the healthcare sector to improve the service quality (Graban 2016). Service quality needs increase for changing the lifestyle of the people. Lifestyle of the people is associated with an increase in affluence, leisure time and women in working places. In addition, changing world has brought the greater demand for lawn care, travel agencies, entertainment, daycare centre and home help (Weller et al. 2014). Changing economies in daily life has brought changes in factors like globalisation and deregulation. Changing technology in healthcare has brought the demand for service quality as new technologies increase the demand for service. Highly satisfied service users bec ome loyal towards the healthcare centre. The satisfaction-loyalty relationship is divided into three major categories, affection, indifference and defection (Pronovost et al. 2015). Defection is related to low satisfaction, indifference is associated with intermediate satisfaction level and affection is related to highly satisfied level. Dekker (2016) opined that consumers evaluate the quality of service as the result of gap between perceived quality and expected quality. Therefore service quality is perception minus expectation. Service Quality Model emphasises on determinants of service quality like access, communication, courtesy, credibility, reliability, tangibles, understanding of the customers and security. The authors devised an instrument named SERVQUAL and it is questionnaire to measure the service quality of the healthcare. Knowledge gap is about difference between nurses belief about customer expectation and actual needs of the service users. In addition, standards gap is the gap between quality standards and perception of customer expectation. Delivery gap is about difference between actual performance and specified delivery standard (Kansra and Jha 2016). Service gap is about difference between customer expectation and the perception of the customers. SERVQUAL is specified overall gap between what is de livered and what is expected. Service quality concept is relative and it is not absolute. Moreover, quality can be determined through customers; perception, not by the healthcare professionals. Service quality can be gained through exceeding expectations of the service users. Theme 8- Increasing healthcare management efficiency Healthcare management are concerned about losses and profit; however, they have to be concerned about management efficiency. Culture Care Theory provides a framework for giving services to the diverse population and it gives an approach to promote culturally congruent nursing to different people who have similarities and differences in well-being, health and illness (Zineldin et al. 2014). Healthcare management efficiency can be increased if the nurses get training about safety of the service users and cultural factors of the service users. Enterprise Resource Planning can be used in healthcare in order to increase the healthcare system. Implementation of ERP system can smooths the work process in healthcare stopping the impediments. ERP can heal the project if it costs more than budget and if it takes longer to implement the project. The efficiency of process in healthcare incorporates about operational practices and planning that can reduce the negative impact on clinical services. Efficient people is needed to enhance the quality of service as the challenge to deliver better service lies in efficient nurses who can adopt innovative way to communicate, providing services and technologies (McFadden et al. 2015). In addition, collaboration is needed in workplace with better infrastructure that can improve the potential problems and it can engage stakeholders in healthcare process. Technologies in healthcare will eventually improve the success factors. The challenge lies to balance the complexity of implementation and cost. Application of technologies will eventually help the transform the information and it will also increase the service quality. Moreover, it is needed to implement the solution effectively with right outcome. Implementation of system needs to support the key consideration of the business with obje ctives, people-centric process and ROI (Winters et al. 2016). Implications for the Project The cultural safety concept and framework have many positive implications for nurses in Arab country and many nurses are there in Arab communities to provide health services. Nurses have to treat the patients have different views, religions and differently aware culturally. Making culturally safe healthcare may promote the retention of the nurses more and safety and quality of the service users can be ensured through this. Nurses face the issue to adjust institutional climate, emotionally and socially alienation when promote the cultural safety. Cultural safety helps to improve the patient safety culture and service quality of the hospitals eventually increases. Improvement of hospital performances is needed in order to ensure better performances of the nurses. Nurses will understand the cultural safety at workplace and it can promote the standard of services to the patients. Cultural safety is a guide to the nurses to work in multicultural environment, however, the encounter of the patient and nurse is bicultural encounter (Margaret et al. 2015). The cultural safety framework has its potentiality in order to create attention to legitimacy of differences to raise aware of patient safety. conclusion In this section of the study, cultural safety and quality in healthcare has been specified with identification of issues. The discussion has been done using secondary sources and culture of nurses has not been overemphasised, service users quality care has also been discussed. In Arab, culture safety is important aspect as there most of the nurses are believers of Islamic faith. Simplified application of cultural safety can promote reductionist viewpoint to find the issues in ethnic groups. In Arab, cultural safety needs to make an impact to take grass root initiative in order to understand the complex pedagogy. Theoretical perspective has to be used in practical spheres and cultural safety framework can be included in government planning and public policy. Reference Alonso, J.M., Clifton, J. and Daz-Fuentes, D., 2015. The impact of New Public Management on efficiency: An analysis of Madrid's hospitals.Health Policy,119(3), pp.333-340. Arieli, D., Friedman, V.J. and Hirschfeld, M.J., 2014. Challenges on the path to cultural safety in nursing education.International Nursing Review,59(2), pp.187-193. Banks, L. and Kelly, M., 2015. Cultural safety and the Nursing Council of New Zealand.Cultural Safety in Aotearoa New Zealand, p.26. Carayon, P., Wetterneck, T.B., Rivera-Rodriguez, A.J., Hundt, A.S., Hoonakker, P., Holden, R. and Gurses, A.P., 2014. Human factors systems approach healthcare quality and patient safety. Applied Ergonomics,45(1), pp.14-25. 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Leadership, safety climate, and continuous quality improvement: impact on process quality and patient safety.Health care management review,40(1), pp.24-34. Memish, Z.A., Jaber, S., Mokdad, A.H., AlMazroa, M.A., Murray, C.J. and Al Rabeeah, A.A., 2014. Peer reviewed: Burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 19902010.Preventing chronic disease,11. Mller, M.A., Meyer, B., Corman, V.M., Al-Masri, M., Turkestani, A., Ritz, D., Sieberg, A., Aldabbagh, S., Bosch, B.J., Lattwein, E. and Alhakeem, R.F., 2015. Presence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in Saudi Arabia: a nationwide, cross-sectional, serological study.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,15(5), pp.559-564. Papps, E. and Ramsden, I., 2016. Cultural safety in nursing: The New Zealand experience.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,8(5), pp.491-497. Pauly, B.B., McCall, J., Browne, A.J., Parker, J. and Mollison, A., 2015. 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5 Great American Humorists of the Early to Mid-20th Century

5 Great American Humorists of the Early to Mid-20th Century 5 Great American Humorists of the Early to Mid-20th Century 5 Great American Humorists of the Early to Mid-20th Century By Mark Nichol Humor is in the eye (or, frequently, the ear) of the beholder, but if you prefer elegance in your entertainment and wish to find inspiration for your own mirthful musings, check out the works of these five twentieth-century titans of comic composition. 1. Robert Benchley Benchley was a master of parody and surreal humor, often writing about an everyman discombobulated by the modern world. He wrote for leading magazines, then went to Hollywood, where he intended only to write but also frequently appeared on camera. He had modest success in mostly small roles, sometimes alongside top actors but in some of their more forgettable films. (He is probably best known in this capacity as the provider of exposition in the Bob Hope–Bing Crosby classic Road to Utopia.) Benchley found more satisfaction writing and appearing in short film parodies such as the Oscar winner How to Sleep. The Best of Robert Benchley is a good introduction to his writing style. 2. Dorothy Parker Parker, the model for every woman who dares to have a biting wit, overcame an unhappy childhood and weathered alcoholism, several suicide attempts, numerous unsuccessful marriages and affairs, and criticism of her leftist politics to become one of the great comic writers of the twentieth century. Her short story collections include Laments for the Living and After Such Pleasures, she published poetry in volumes titled Enough Rope, Sunset Gun, and Death and Taxes, and Constant Reader contains many of the book reviews she wrote for the New Yorker. Parker later worked on stage and film scripts, including A Star Is Born, the screenplay of which was nominated for an Academy Award. 3. S. J. Perelman This master parodist, considered the pioneering American surrealist, is noted for his wordplay, including metaphors, non sequiturs, and obscure references and terms, and is celebrated overall for his devotion to the absurd. Perhaps you need to know nothing more than that he was the screenwriter for several of the best Marx Brothers films. His works, more accurately referred to as sketches than short stories, are collected under such titles as Acres and Pains (about the ordeal of owning a Pennsylvania farm) and Crazy Like a Fox or go for the obvious with The Best of S. J. Perelman. His talent declined as he grew older, but his best is among the best. 4. George S. Kaufman Kaufman’s humor wasn’t written to be read he was a prolific playwright and sometime screenwriter but his scripts are exemplars of writing that induces laughter. Usually in collaboration with one or more other writers his professional partners included Edna Ferber, George and Ira Gershwin, Moss Hart, and Morrie Ryskind he wrote (and directed and produced) many enduring stage plays and musicals, though he was said to dislike the latter art form. He shared the Pulitzer Prize for the comedy You Can’t Take It with You and the musical Of Thee I Sing! Other memorable works include Dinner at Eight, Stage Door, and The Man Who Came to Dinner (all of which, like You Can’t Take It with You, were adapted for the screen, all to great acclaim). 5. James Thurber This American writer and cartoonist, who as a result of a childhood accident lost an eye and was nearly blind in the other, produced an impressive array of wryly amusing stories and illustrations. The book of short stories that brought him fame is called My Life and Hard Times; he also wrote some essays about language, including â€Å"The New Vocabularianism,† â€Å"The Spreading ‘You Know,’† and â€Å"What Do You Mean It Was Brillig?† He also cowrote a stage play (later adapted into a film) called The Male Animal, and late in life appeared in the theatrical revue A Thurber Carnival, based on his stories, in a segment called â€Å"File and Forget.† He is best known for his short story â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† (loosely and, to Thurber’s mind, poorly adapted into a movie), about a timid daydreamer. Thurber is the only person on this list who was not a member of the loose-knit assemblage of wits who formed the Algonquin Round Table (named after the New York City hotel they frequently dined at), whose members sometimes collaborated creatively. (He was, in fact, a critic of the group’s sometimes vicious practical jokes and some of its members, including Dorothy Parker, later disparaged it as well.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-Efficient20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

Global Warming Essays - Climate Change, Climate History, Free Essays

Global Warming Essays - Climate Change, Climate History, Free Essays Global Warming Human kind has entered a brand new relationship with the earth. The constant and increasing pressures we are exerting threaten our planets ability to sustain life itself. Change-in the way we think , and in the way we live-is needed now. Global warming is the most urgent environmental problem the world will face in the next decade and the next century. Few, if any, trends are more important to our future than climate change caused by human activities. Scientist around the world are warning us that global warming poses a major threat to our future quality of life, previously there has been little information on this problem. Right now, the rate of global warming may be 100 times faster than it has ever been. Very soon the earth may become hotter then at any time in human history. In the last decades the problems of atmospheric change have been gravely advanced by pollution resulting from human activities. These environmental changes pose a real threat to the lives of people and wild life. It is vital to all of us that we fully understand the complex relationship between the atmosphere and the earth. The earth is getting warmer. the changes are small, so far, but they are expected to grow and speed up. Within the next 50 to 100 years, the earth will continue to heat up hotter than it has been in the past million years. as oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought may cause forests to die and food crops to fail. Global warming will effect weather everywhere, plants and animals everywhere and people everywhere. Humans are warming the earth?s atmosphere by burning fuels, cutting down forests, and by taking part in other activities that release certain heat- trapping gasses into the air. Humans all over the world need to get together and solve these problems. In the southern hemisphere, the warming is the greatest over Australia, southern south Africa, the southern tip of south America, and the area of Antarctica near Australia. In the northern hemisphere, warming is strongest in Alaska, northwest and eastern Canada, most of the Soviet Union, and parts of Southern Asia, North Africa and south west Europe. Climate has cooled in Great Britain and northern and eastern Europe. In the USA scientists found no overall warming trend in weather records kept since the nineteenth century, however keep in mind the United States covers only 1.5 percent of the earth?s surface. As warming continues, every place on the earth will be effected. In the frozen heart of the last ice age, 18,000 years ago, the temperature was only about nine degrees Fahrenheit colder then today. So a change of a few degrees can have a dramatic effects. Todays most sophisticated climatic models estimate the global temperature will rise between 3 and 9 degrees Fahrenheit in the next century. This could occur as early as the year 2050. Here are the large scale changes the rise might bring: As water warms it expands, taking up more space. So warmer ocean water, with added melt-water from glaciers, will rise by twenty inches to five feet in the next 50 to 100 years. Just a 1 foot rise in sea level can cause shorelines to recede a hundred feet, and in flat terrain, a thousand feet. If ocean waters rise several feet, whole beaches could wash away. Many homes, hotels, other buildings, and entire cities will be threatened. Salt water will pollute freshwater wells that millions of people use for drinking water. Coastal marshes, which are vital nurseries for fish and other ocean life will be endangered. Along undeveloped coast, marshes may survive because they can move inland with the rising waters. In many places seawalls and other human structures will prevent this process and the marshes will be destroyed. In the United States ocean water may cover the Florida Keys and large parts of southern Florida and Louisiana. Two kinds of action are called for. One is to take steps to prepare for the the effects of warming that already have begun. Agricultural scientist must develop varieties of wheat and other crops that can grow in a longer but drier growing season. Ways must be fond to

Urban Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Urban Health - Essay Example It is tabulated that about two-thirds of Europeans lives in towns and cities (WHO, 2010, p. 1). It is estimated that, by 2050, 70% of the people will migrate and live in cities. Urban health is known to depend on factors such as governance, characteristics of the population, food security, social and economic developments (Which, 2010, p. 2). This paper deals with TB as an urban health hazard in Newham, London boroughs. We will discuss how determinants of health contribute to TB infection. Moreover, the infection and transmission mechanisms of the diseases will be discussed under various sections of urban life. Finally, strategies and recommendations in control of the disease will be highlighted. According to Centre for Disease Control, TB is an airborne disease that is caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CDC, 2013, p. 2). The disease was declared a global disaster in 1993 with a campaign plan against it being scheduled in 2006 to save about 14 million victims by the year 2015 (WHO. 2011, p. 23).The pathogen specifically attacks the lungs, but other parts such as spine, kidney and brain are attacked. Extra pulmonary TB occurs outside the lungs. On the other hand, pulmonary TB occurs in the lung. However, the two types can co-exist. Improper treatment of the disease is fatal and may lead to death. Its spread through the air makes it transmittable through coughs, sneeze and other respiratory droplets. It is recorded that in every ten case of TB, half the number that is left untreated leads to 50% deaths (WHO, 2011, p. 3). A third of the whole world’s population is assumed to be affected by M. tuberculosis. Approximations of 1% of new infections are known to occur each year (WHO, 2002, p. 4). In 2007, 13.7million cases of active chronic infections were reported globally. However, in 2010, the number reduced to 8.8 million cases with an approximation of about 1.5 million global deaths. Most of the cases

Major assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Major assignment - Essay Example These products are customized for specialized buildings. SSI is a small division company with a closed loop organizational chart. The company is headed by Charlie who is the chief executive officer. There are three salespersons, two engineers and three project manager who look after the entire bidding process. The production department includes 45 welders, four supervisor and one plant manager. The shipping department consists of 10 employees including one shipping manager. In order to assist the administration processes, the company has two secretaries and one controller (Castleberry and Tanner, 2001). Personal Selling process of the organization The company manufactures custom steel products for specialised buildings. Structural Steel is into business to business marketing. It is a commercial transaction between two or more different businesses, for example between a wholesaler and a manufacturer. B2B transactions are generally characterised by high volume of transactions, higher i nvolvement of sales and marketing team during negotiations and much high value of money involved (Katou and Budhwar, 2008). It is a complex and long process of buying and tends to be based on client-company relationship. As a result of the amount of money and time spent during transactions and negotiations, B2B features high loyalty for brands. Also, the sellers in the B2B process are required to have numerous meetings and interactions with the customers and clients during the process of negotiation. Industrial trade shows, conferences, exhibitions and online communication sites are few of the places where business to business companies interacts with both prospects and customers (Parvinen et al., 2013). In the present case employees who are directly involved in communication with the clients are the sales persons, shipping department and engineers. The major interaction with the client is however done by the sales person, as they represent the organisation. During the process of ne gotiation, the organisation may involve engineers, shipping managers and sometimes accountants, in order to make the clients clear about the various internal processes and requirements. The purchasing process in B2B marketing is riskier than in business to customer (B2C) marketing, as the transaction amount is more and entire transaction process is based on exact quantities and products (Harrison, 1998). Purchasing process in B2B involves committee meetings as decisions are driven by specifications and expert advice is required all the time. Thus in case of Structural Steel, the personal selling process involves sales person, finance department, engineering department and many times even the CEO of the company. Sales management process Sales management process involved all stages from cold calling, prospecting, negotiation to shipping of final products and billing. It includes an entire cycle where clients orders specific products or services and the company delivers it and gets the payment (Age, 2011). A sales management process is characterised by many features. It includes objectives and goals for departments, staff members and the entire organisations. These objectives and goals must be discussed with every involved and connected staff. Sales management process is a closed loop activity where performance of one department is directly related to another. Also known as sales pipeline, sales management

How Chinese TV maintain its position in new media age Dissertation

How Chinese TV maintain its position in new media age - Dissertation Example It was in the 1990s that China embarked upon a conscious policy of rapid industrialization; it was around those years that it began to break free of its restrictive political system as well. In the 1990s the prime elements of globalization had already become established the globe over. For Instance, there were substantial and ever rising cross-border movements of production resources, technology, and capital; there were an excellent telecommunication and communications networking conjunction with other infrastructural facilities and most importantly the international trade was rising and becoming freer. China already had a substantial infrastructure and no sooner did it decide to adopt free market norms then it became a mammoth and lucrative market for global entrepreneurs. Moreover, China had, on the tip-toe, built upon its economic might as a producer and began modernization of its production sphere through steady policy making and technology grafting and had assumed the center sta ge role in the global supply of various goods and services. Thus China studiously caught on with the wave of globalization and reaped enormous economic gains. As a result, China enjoyed a hastened pace of development, and in the present time, it is one of the fastest-growing countries in the world. China was already a healthy economic power with an annual average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 9.8 percent in real terms between 1978 and 1994. The Chinese government had also set up ambitious targets for economic growth for the country.... For Instance there were substantial and ever rising cross-border movements of production resources, technology and capital; there was an excellent telecommunications and communications network (internet included) in conjunction with other infrastructural facilities and most importantly the international trade was rising and becoming freer. China already had substantial infrastructure and no sooner did it decide to adopt free market norms then it became a mammoth and lucrative market for global entrepreneurs. Moreover China had, on the tip toe, built upon its economic might as a producer and began modernization of its production sphere through steady policy making and technology grafting and had assumed the centre stage role in global supply of various goods and services. Thus China studiously caught on with the wave of globalization and reaped enormous economic gains. As a result, China enjoyed a hastened pace of development, and in the present time, it is one of the fastest-growing countries in the world. China was already a healthy economic power with an annual average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 9.8 percent in real terms between 1978 and 1994. Chinese government had also set up ambitious targets of economic growth for the country in its five year plans. For instance China's ninth five year plan (1995-2000) had set a target for quadrupling its GDP in 2000 over the level recorded in 1980 and the plan further envisaged doubling the year 2000 GDP in the year 2010, with operational target of average annual GDP growth rate of 8% between the years 1995-2000 and of 7 % between the years 2000-2010.If China was able to succeed in restraining the growth rate of its population than its per capita GDP(in 1996 base

Myocardial Infarction Case Study

Myocardial Infarction Case Study Bree Dela Rosa Case Study #1 M.I. Soon is a construction worker and is 44 years old. He has a family history of heart diseases and is trying to stop smoking. He had his first myocardial infarction, and his physician prescribed him a medication called a beta blocker. He completes the inpatient cardiac rehabilitation a little over a week ago, and the doctor and wife are recommending that M.I. Soon to seek a fitness facility. His resting heart rate (RHR) is 78 beats per minute (bpm) with a max heart rate of 132 and blood pressure of 136/82 mmHg. M.I. Soon has never exercised before and he regularly eats fast food such as McDonalds, Burger King, etc. for lunch. He believes he has enough exercise from working, as he states, Hey, I work hard all day, isnt that enough!. M.I. Soon regularly stops on the way home to the tavern with some friends to grab a couple of drinks. Introduction Myocardial Infarction (MI) is one of the common heart disorders considered to be severely fatal. In many cases, this condition requires control and prevention of atheroma as a way of preventing MI. Development of coronary occlusion is the initial presentation of atheroma, which leads to myocardial infarction. Early diagnosis has helped many patients avoid severe consequences of the condition. The initial management is to restore the perfusion in the affected myocardium. To accomplish this, various approaches must be instituted as discussed below. As such, public education is necessary for making people understand the need for early diagnosis. Goals Short Term (1-4 weeks) Go for a 30-minute walk in the morning before work or with his wife or after his lunch once once a day for 2 weeks. Educate him to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day as well as the number of cold ones. Exercise to lose a pound weekly with a combination of moderate intensity exercise and strength training. Long Term (3months-6months) Maintain an optimal blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. To increase the strength and intensity of the exercise as time goes, METs > 8. Burn between 1,800 2,000 kcals each week after the training period and eating less high saturated food, which will help lower blood pressure and improve cholesterol and blood sugar. Recommendations for Fitting Workouts into schedule This exercise will be incorporated into the schedule during the day. The patient will do the workout in the morning before any activity. Exercise shall be done in parts whenever there is time constraint such as 10 minutes of the stationary bike or treadmill in the morning before work and 15 minutes after work. It is advisable to create time for the gym every day. Reasons for frequency of aerobic Everyday exercise is best because the patient has a lot of free time. Due to the state of cardiovascular, aerobic exercise is more important than resistance training. Reasons for frequency In the initial two weeks, two bouts of resistance training will help in improving muscle strength in the patient. Two sessions will help him keep normal muscle strength and to avoid soreness during aerobic exercise. Static stretches done every day during cool down exercises will help in maintaining flexibility. Exercise Prescription and Justifications Week 1 Monday Warm up exercise (5 mins / 5.0 METS) Myocardial infarction patients should start their regular exercises with warm up exercises to make themselves used to exercise. This must be done on the treadmill at a gradient of 0 degrees and a low speed of 2 mph. Reason This exercise helps in increasing the body temperature and especially of the muscle in preparation for better performance in following exercises. The warm up exercise also excites the sympathetic nervous system, which improves the performance during the exercise. Treadmill exercise (30 min / 8.0 METS) This exercise is slightly moderate 20-minute walks at a speed of 2.5 mph at a gradient of 3 degrees. Remember to slow down between the two bouts for 5 minutes. Reasons Since its the first treadmill exercise for him, the patient must complete the exercise to develop the habit and to keep him out of undesirable habits such as drinking. Cooldown Exercise (8 mins / 5.0 METs) The gradient will be set back to 0 degrees and a speed of 2 mph for 8 minutes before stepping out of the treadmill. Additionally, the patient will have to sit at a V shape and stretch in the middle from left to right. Reasons This exercise will facilitate the transition from active sympathetic nervous system to parasympathetic for recovery from the strenuous exercise for 4 minutes. Butterfly Stretch (2 Minutes / 2.5 METs) Sit on the floor with legs spread out in a V position, towards the middle reach as far as you can with both arms out and hold for 30 seconds and, then towards the left and right left for 30 seconds. Reasons This cooldown exercise will also help in eradicating the lactic acid buildup with the view of preventing muscle soreness. Wednesday Warm up exercise (10 mins / 5.0 METS) Put the treadmill at a gradient of 0 degrees and a low speed of 1.9 mph. Reasons: This exercise helps in increasing the body temperature and especially of the muscle in preparation for better performance in following exercises. The warm up exercise also excites the sympathetic nervous system, which improves the performance during the training. Exercises Leg Swings (10 Min / 3.0 METS) Swing the leg horizontally at 90 degrees while keeping the torso straight. Do this ten times then changing to another leg for ten minutes. Simply make yourself stable and swing your legs until the end of 10 minutes as demonstrated in the image below. Reasons This exercise will help stretch and warm the leg muscles in preparedness for following exercises. Will warm up the muscle in preparation for further exercise. Walking Knee Hugs (10 min / 4.0 METS) This exercise will require stepping and lift the knee closer to the chest while keeping the back straight. Do both legs and monitor time with your phone, stopwatch, and or clock until the end of ten minutes while maintaining the balance as shown in the picture below. Reason To help the patient with balance during exercise. This will also assist in warming up the muscles before the following training. Cooldown Exercise (8 mins / 5.0 METs) Side Lunge (4 Minutes / 3.0 METS) Stand up straight with your feet shoulder width apart. Have your hands placed on your waist. Step out to one side to push your thigh until you feel a pull on your muscle, hold for 30 seconds each side. Reason This will help the patient warm up his muscles and gain balance on both feet increase body temperature and raise the level of intensity in exercise performance. The patient will also be able to stretch his muscles moderately. Hip flexor stretch (3 minutes / 2.5 METs) Do the exercise with one knee on the ground and the other knee raised with foot on the ground. Make sure you slightly shift weight to the front leg while keeping torso straight and arm of down knee extended upwards as shown below. Hold each side for 30 seconds and do two sets each. Reasons To facilitate the active transition exercise to recovery. To promote removal of lactate to decrease immediate muscle soreness. Butterfly Stretch (2 minutes / 2.5 METs) Sit on the floor with legs spread out in a V position, towards the middle reach as far as you can with both arms out and hold for 30 seconds and, then towards the left and right left for 30 seconds. Reasons This cooldown exercise will also help in eradicating the lactic acid buildup with the view of preventing muscle soreness. Hamstring Stretch (3 minutes / 2.5 METs) Lying on your back in an 180-degree angle and keep your back straight. Your hips should be level with your lower back on the floor. Slowly bend your knees towards your chest, and keep your left leg extended on the floor. Reasons Slowly bending your knees towards your chest, keep your dominant leg extended until you feel a mild discomfort from the stretch. Friday Warm up exercise (10 mins / 5.0 METS) Treadmill at a gradient of 0 degrees and a low speed of 2 mph. Reasons This exercise helps in increasing the body temperature and especially of the muscle in preparation for better performance in following exercises. The warm up exercise also excites the sympathetic nervous system, which improves the performance during the exercise. Exercise Treadmill Walking (40 minutes / 8.0 METS) Walk on the treadmill for two bouts of 15 minutes at 2.5 mph at 3% grade. Between bouts remove back to 0% grade and walk at a comfortable rate at 2 mph for 5 minutes. Reasons for duration I gave him two 15 minute bouts because it is her first day of the exercise program and I wanted her to be able to complete the task to increase confidence. The 5-minute rest between bouts I believe is sufficient to make sure he can complete the full duration of exercise. Reasons for mode The treadmill is very easy to adjust so that the client can set it to the particular speed and grade I have instructed to work at. I want her mode of exercise to require little thought since she may already feel uncomfortable in a gym setting because of her inexperience. The treadmill is a type An exercise, so it does not require much skill to use for someone inexperienced with exercise. Reasons for intensity (RPE) The Relative Perceived Exertion (RPE) for M.I. Soon should be For the exercise to be effective it should be a routine; whereby, every day he should take 30 minutes to do the exercise. This is done to increase the level of calories lost within a week and help the individual adapt to the exercises as a lifestyle. Cooldown (8 mins) Treadmill (6 minutes / 5.0 METs) The gradient will be set back to 0 degrees and a speed of 1.9 mph for 8 minutes before stepping out of the treadmill. Additionally, the patient will have to sit at a V shape and stretch in the middle from left to right. Reasons This exercise will facilitate the transition from active sympathetic nervous system to parasympathetic for recovery from the strenuous exercise for 4 minutes. Butterfly Stretch (2 Minutes / 2.5 METs) Reasons Sit on the floor with legs spread out in a V position, towards the middle reach as far as you can with both arms out and hold for 30 seconds and, then towards the left and right left for 30 seconds. This cooldown exercise will also help in eradicating the lactic acid buildup with the view of preventing muscle soreness. WEEK 2 Monday Warm up (10 minutes / 5.0 METS) Stationary bike with zero resistance at comfortable speed for 5 minutes. Reasons To increase the temperature of muscle to perform better during exercise. To activate the sympathetic nervous system to improve exercise performance. Exercise (35min / 7.0 METS): Use the stationary bike for two bouts of 15 minutes with a resistance of between 284kgm/min (50 Watts) and 406kgm/min (68 Watts). Between bouts, remove resistance and pedal at a comfortable pace for 5 minutes before beginning next bout. Reasons for duration Transitioning from the treadmill from week one to a stationary bike I am starting M.I. soon with 15 minute bouts to adjust and complete the exercise with confidence. I want to give him 5 minute rests in-between to make sure there is not a lot of stress and that he receives enough intake of water so he can complete the exercise. Reasons for mode I chose the stationary bike for his form of exercise since it safe for a sedentary and obese individual with little or no experience of exercise. The stationary bike is effective and useful for people who have never exercised before or who exercise a little. Reasons for intensity (RPE) The Relative Perceived Exertion (RPE) for M.I. Soon should be For the exercise to be effective it should be a routine; whereby, every day he should take 30 minutes to do the exercise. This is done to increase the level of calories lost within a week and help the individual adapt to the exercises as a lifestyle. Cooldown (8 mins) Stationary Bike (5 minutes) With no resistance peddle for around 5 minutes and then get off to proceed to stretches. Hamstring Stretch (3 minutes / 2.5 METs) Lie on your back with your legs extended in an 180-degree angle and keep your back straight. Your hips should be level with your lower back on the floor. Slowly bend your knees towards your chest, and keep your left leg extended on the floor. Reasons Stretch to the point of mild discomfort but not to the point of feeling discomfort or pain. Wednesday Warm Up Warm up (10 minutes / 5.0 METS) Stationary bike with zero resistance at a comfortable speed for 5 minutes. Reasons To increase the temperature of muscle to perform better during exercise. To activate the sympathetic nervous system to improve exercise performance. Exercise (35 Minutes / 8.0 METS) Use the stationary bike for two bouts of 15 minutes with a resistance of between 284kgm/min (50 Watts) and 406kgm/min (68 Watts). Between bouts, remove resistance and pedal at a comfortable pace for 5 minutes before beginning next bout. Reasons Less stress on joints Help reduce the mechanical stress, on back, hips, and ankles even when compared to walking.You can indulge in daily exercise with a lower risk of injury. Cool Down (8 minutes) Stationary Bike (6 minutes / 5.0 METs) Remove resistance and peddle for around 6 minutes and then get off to proceed to stretches. Butterfly Stretch (2 Minutes / 2.5 METs) Sit on the floor with legs spread out in a V position, towards the middle reach as far as you can with both arms out and hold for 30 seconds and, then towards the left and right left for 30 seconds. Reasons This cooldown exercise will also help in eradicating the lactic acid buildup with the view of preventing muscle soreness. Day 3Â  Friday Warm up exercise (5 mins / 5.0 METS) Myocardial infarction patients should start their regular exercises with warm up exercises to make themselves used to exercise. This must be done on the treadmill at a gradient of 0 degrees and a low speed of 1.9 2 mph. Reason This exercise helps in increasing the body temperature and especially of the muscle in preparation for better performance in following exercises. The warm up exercise also excites the sympathetic nervous system, which improves the performance during the exercise. Treadmill exercise (30 min / 7.0 METS) This exercise is slightly strenuous as it takes 20 separate 20-minute walks at a speed of 2.5 mph at a gradient of 3 degrees. Remember to slow down between the two bouts for 5 minutes. Reasons Since its the first treadmill exercise for him, the patient must complete the exercise to develop the habit and to keep him out of undesirable habits such as drinking. Cooldown (8 Minutes) Treadmill (6 minutes / 5.0 METs) The gradient will be set back to 0 degrees and a speed of 1.9 mph for 8 minutes before stepping out of the treadmill. Additionally, the patient must sit at a V shape and stretch in the middle from left to right. Reasons This exercise will facilitate the transition from active sympathetic nervous system to parasympathetic for recovery from the strenuous exercise for 4 minutes. Hip flexor stretch (2minutes / 2.5 METs) Do the exercise with one knee on the ground and the other knee raised with foot on the ground. Make sure you slightly shift weight to the front leg while keeping torso straight and arm of down knee extended upwards as shown below. Hold each side for 30 seconds and do two sets each. Reasons To facilitate the active transition exercise to recovery. To promote removal of lactate to decrease immediate muscle soreness. Strength and Conditioning Week 1 (Repeat the following week) Monday, Wednesday, Friday Lat pull downs (5 minutes / 3.0 METs) Ten repetitions of 25 pounds the first week, then the second week increase the weights by 5 pounds with a weight that is equivalent to a 3 or 4 rating on the RPE scale. Pull with arms starting fully extended until the bar is just below neck height in a controlled rhythm. When you begin this, take it slow. If you are feeling chest pain, stop the exercise as with all the strength exercises provided. Lateral Band Walk (5 Minutes / 3.0 METs) Place your feet shoulder width apart to create tension inbetween the bands. Form a 60 degree squat position, and shift your weight to the right side, steping sideways take 10-12 steps before heading back to the start postion and do the same on the left side. Shoulder Press (5 Minutes / 4.0 METs) Hold a 10 lb (this is the start) dumbbell in each hand and sit on a bench with back support, plant both feet on the ground, bend your elbows down to your ear and lift back up. Remember not to hold your breath when performing this exercise, take it slow and go at your pace. Leg Press (5 Minutes / 3.0 METs) Set the leg press weight at 50 lbs. Leg and torso should be at a 90-degree angle. As you go down breathe in and out slowly push down until your legs make another 90-degree angle and push back up in start position. Reasons for exercises These exercises are a combination of lower body and upper body that are doable that can be done with inexpensive equipment at home or the gym facility. These are appropriate exercises for someone who is not used to strength training, regardless of job description, these are easy to follow, and they are not confusing or difficult for someone who is inexperienced These exercises also target large and small muscle groups that will help with his balance. Reasons for repetitions Lifting in a rhythmic and full range in motion I chose for the exercises to be ten repetitions of lighter weights for M.I. to adjust to the movement and patterns to develop technique and consistency. He will gain muscular strength, lean body mass, endurance, and insulin sensitivity. I highly remind and advise him each exercise session to not hold his breath while he is performing any of the strength exercises since it will increase the pressure in his chest by placing a greater workload on his heart. Reasons for Strength or Resistance. I chose a moderate level of intensity because I want M.I. Soon to adapt to the strength and conditioning training and not make him too sore. 5 minutes for each exercise will allow M.I. Soon to finish all the reps I suggested. I do not want him to feel in denial with the exercise demand, but I want him to accept the purpose of exercise and the benefits. Cooldown (8 Minutes) Treadmill (6 minutes / 5.0 METs) The gradient will be set to 0 degrees and a speed of 2 mph for 6 minutes before stepping out of the treadmill. Butterfly Stretch (2 Minutes / 2.5 METs) Sit on the floor with legs spread out in a V position, towards the middle reach as far as you can with both arms out and hold for 30 seconds and, then towards the left and right left for 30 seconds. Quad stretch on side (2 minutes / 2.5 METs) Standing up grab or chair or find a pole to stand next to and lift your left leg back until you feel this pull in the muscle, and repeat for the right leg. Reasons for Cooldown: This cooldown exercises will also help in eradicating the lactic acid buildup with the view of preventing muscle soreness. This exercise will facilitate the transition from active sympathetic nervous system to parasympathetic for recovery from the strenuous exercise. Education and Risk Factor Management It is important for you to understand that the type of diet you take determines your risk of exposure to further heart complications. The point is, different food contents have different nutrients. Always remember that fast food may be affordable and presumably convenient, but it contains a lot of saturated fat, calories, and sodium. For this reason, with the Myocardial infarction, you should modify your frequency of fast food consumption. There may not be specific patterns on how to take fast food, but I recommend that you dont eat it very often. Alcohol, on the other hand, may be recommended by researchers but the exact amount has not been agreed on yet (Frederico et al., 2009). Therefore, my recommendation is that you take not more that 14 alcohol units in one week and the units should not exceed four in a single day. Also, please ensure that you have at least two days that you do not consume it. The bottom line is that moderate and habitual alcohol consumption lowers the risk of heart-related disorders. However, sometimes the short-term consequence is that it may cause sudden cardiac death. I recommend that you refrain from smoking because it increases the chances of heart diseases infections. This is because it contributes to the fatty conditions in the coronary system. Also, be informed that the tobacco chemicals will damage your heart cells and expose you to atherosclerosis, a condition that affects the functioning of the heart and blood cells in the body (Antman, 2007). With your MI, smoking cigarettes will worsen your condition because the tobacco chemicals have the ability to weaken the resilience of the cardiovascular system and thus heighten the chances of succumbing. You should, therefore, avoid smoking at all costs to reduce the likelihood of recurring and causing more damage to the heart and other cardiovascular organs and vessels. If you find it hard to stop smoking, it would be wise to see a doctor or a practice nurse. By doing so, you will get help and advice on the how to make use of the nicotine replacement therapy. The best medication to improve your health is the Beta-blocker due to the following reasons. First, they are drugs that will enhance your outlook. These drugs are believed to prevent vertical hemorrhage in patients who have cirrhosis and heart conditions. It is worth noting that the body has a way of responding to increased stress caused by heart attack or unstable angina. What it does is, it increases the heart rate as well as the blood pressure. Therefore, beta-blockers are good for you because they will reduce both the heart rate and its workload. You should take these drugs as soon as you your heart condition are identified. However, to increase efficiency, they can be taken together with an ACE inhibitor and sometimes a statin. The American Heart Association has recommended treatment using Beta-blockers. It has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality as compared to other therapies. Moreover, the management of obesity would be useful in preventing the reoccurrence of myocard ial infarction (Ades, Savage Harvey, 2009). It is, therefore, important that you visit a pharmacist or a cardiologist for prescription and further directions on how to use this medication. According the American Family Physician website, AHA (American Heart Association) standards state that they highly recommend that each patient who suffers from a heart attack must monitor your cardiac risk factor of a blood pressure lower than 140/90 mmHg. The waist circumference less than 35 inches for womens and 40 for men, a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5 and 24.9, blood cholesterol under 180 mg/dl, and blood glucose under 100 mg/dL. Our goal as we work together is to reduce your blood pressure of 136/82 down to 120/80, when performing the exercises I prescribed you, make sure to breath after each repetition and walking on a treadmill, if you do not, your blood pressure will increase. If you are experiencing high blood pressure, seek medical attention right away, and seek your primary care provider immediately. Myocardial Infarction, Cardiac infarction, and coronary thrombosis are other terms also know a heart attack. Infarction means that there is

Essay --

The task of defining what a religion is, is certainly not an easy task. For countless millennia mankind has worshipped a pantheon of deities whether that is the Sun as seen within ancient Aztec culture or whether that is the God of the Hebrews. Therefore a definition of what is Religion must be accessible and far encompassing as it seems it must address a myriad of beliefs which differ in scope. The three definitions I have chosen in order to analyse focus primarily on the nature of the Belief within a religion. For example Marx saw Religion as a means of enslavement in order to maintain the status quo through the impartiality of an ideology which maintained absolute equilibrium leading to stagnation and thus a lack of change. Thus the belief in a religion is simply the reaction of the oppressed to offer them a shade of comfort in a â€Å"heartless world.† Tylor focused upon the notion of belief as defining religion, in that Religion itself is formulated by primitive man expla ining what he did not understand by giving all things Anima`s to explain what they could not understand. He claims belief in spiritual beings to be Animism and that mankind has carried the resultant ignorance. Feuerbach`s definition is certainly thought-provoking as his definition of God being a construct of Man, rather than traditional vice versa. Feuerbach as with Tylor and Marx, focus on the nature of belief within religion, I have chosen this as I would prefer to focus upon the belief of religion, rather than the practice due in part to Freud’s insistence the practice of religion is a neurosis which has spread through the generations, and also as I would prefer to be able to make comparisons between the three definitions with the nature of belief being a funda... ... primitive man could not understand, and as such are of the result of the ignorance of early society. Tylor therefore argues that the idea of a belief in a God or Gods is the result of the â€Å"survival† Religion surviving, Tylor claims that Religious survival is due to some being guilty of limiting and relying on an outdated custom whilst science can explain away such phenomena away. This explanation is difficult to categorise, as it is certainly a sociological explanation, as well being anthropological and psychological. Studies analysed by Keleman have identified that children seem to identify some objects in a similar method of Tylor`s animism in that things are given morality – positive or negative based on the likelihood of causing harm to the child. This could be evidence supporting Tylor`s argument that through knowledge such things become more than good or bad.